Racquetball Inside Courts St Louis

Just these days to produce the solstice winter, the shortest day of the year. It is worth taking a look at the article "The light in the aviary, where there is a link to the official website of the Ministry of Public Works which contains the times of sunrise and sunset the sun in all provincial capitals. We can be useful if we want to advance the breeding season. Also in the same article there is information on how to illuminate the bird.

Happy Winter Solstice, Merry Christmas and prosperous 2011 for everyone.

Extracting Broken Front Tooth

Winter Solstice Light in the aviary

has always been known that light is a very important sport in ornithology. It depends a good percentage of successful breeding .

There are three aspects of light to consider:

photoperiod.
Quality.
Quantity.

1. Photoperiod:

During the breeding birds we must try to 15 hours of light and 9 hours of darkness. In winter, as we latitudes 8 to 10 h. natural light. To reach these ideals 15 hours depends on the brightness of our aviary and if we advance or not breeding. There are breeders that photoperiod increase very rapidly once the winter solstice, but it is best to get 4-5 minutes 15 hours daily increasing, accounting for 24-35 minutes per week for 2 months. There are automatic mechanisms in the market that you know all too well.

If Our aviary is naturally lit and do not want to accelerate the entry, but the light enters through a window and the sun does not give in every corner of the aviary, we'll just take into account the quality and quantity of light.

During the night is very interesting to be left on a low energy lamp, with 7-10 W. will not affect the photoperiod and instead provide enough light to find the nest hasty exit if (thunderstorms, fireworks, etc.).

You can view the natural photo of your province on the website of the Ministry Development. Click here

2. Quality:

usually a matter of consumption have been used fluorescent lamps. Go perfectly, but have the disadvantage of strobe effect, ie does not produce constant light due to its frequency characteristics , but apparently we do not notice it, but if you notice the birds and some, especially those which are more nervous ( wild and exotic) can be negatively excited. To see the strobe light source can look at the mobile phone camera, you will observe this phenomenon perfectly.

incandescent lamps do not have this effect, but its consumption is much higher. To minimize the effect may use several fluorescent strobe (will mate with each other) and / or combined with incandescence.

Another important consideration is the color of light, or color temperature measured in degrees Kelvin (° K). The lower the color temperature, the light will be warmer:

· Incandescent: 2700 ° K.

· Fluorescent and energy saving lamps warm: 3000 ° K.

· Fluorescent and energy saving bulbs cool white, 4000 ° K.

· Fluorescent Daylight: 5000 ° K.

· Fluorescent cold light of day: 6500 ° K.

· -white fluorescent light: 7000 ° K.

is the ideal temperature of 6500 ° K as it has been reported to produce a certain amount of ultraviolet light. While those of 7000 ° K produced a white color, but give less lux and provide no UV.

are commercially available, although hard to find, special lighting for aquariums, terrariums and specific birds ( Arcadia Bird Lamp ®) that provides 6500 ° K light and adequate proportion of UVA and UVB. The tanks are usually of small size (low lux) and terrarium emit excess UVB.

3. Quantity:
The amount of light is measured in "lumens " and "lux" (1 lux = 1 lumen / m²), with the lux lumens per unit area. Necessary, during breeding, from 500 to 1000 lux. The ideal light, solar, provides about 100,000 lux. It is a composite light across the spectrum: visible, infrared (IR-A, IR-B IR-C) and ultraviolet (UV-A and UV-B).

We must not confuse the color temperature to the ambient temperature. This, here in Europe, measured in degrees Celsius or Centigrade (° C). The temperature on the breeding season must be over 15 ° C and below 35 ° C. Moisture in the aviary during the breeding should be between 60 and 80% relative humidity. This aspect of moisture greatly influences the incubation and hatching.

Types Of Vaseline For Masterbation?

Protecting your own and others' privacy: a right and an obligation

A growing number of reports on violations of rules concerning the privacy of the citizen is collected each week by the media. A woman will be tried for publishing a nude photograph of a friend in the profile of your Messenger account, facing a possible prison sentence. A father is convicted as tort of guilt in watching, to pay the damages or injury caused by his son to publish and promote the network taunts Tuenti on the picture of a stranger, also lower. Such cases it is logical to ask whether, to avoid such disasters, people are in the hands of will or negligence of the offender, or if applicable law is inadequate, inefficient, inaccurate. Certainly not, depending on the case for a greater or lesser extent, the victim may not have diligently managed care or personal data, privacy and privacy. By Internet

produce much of these offenses, a row of huge daily use of chats, social networking and other means of expression , so desirable in themselves to the development and growth of the Information Society, and society itself, as potentially harmful if they are used incorrectly. One area in which the inappropriate use of these means reveals more damaging is undoubtedly that of the individual's privacy. Spain has a comprehensive and rigorous regulations regarding data protection and protection of the right to honor, personal privacy and self-image, a sufficiently strong policy to deal effectively possible attacks on citizen's privacy. This regulation and the work doctrinal and jurisprudential studies and applies the remedy contemplated and the dangers that threaten the user from the moment you access to a chat or a forum of opinion, published his personal information or opinions in a blog , or transfer your data to a network operator. Are frequent cases of non-consensual transfers of data, identity theft, harassment or cyberbullying, grooming to minors via the Internet, and proliferate on the Web publications tricks or backdoors to get to see data from other social networking sites without his consent ... The current legislation is set to give correct response to these cases and effective protection of the personal sphere of the individual.

Why, then, these cases continue to occur? First of all, each user is responsible for their actions both on the communications of its data or information, such as the respect of another's privacy, and this is true for every sphere of external action of the individual, either through Internet or any other medium. Only the individual knows exactly what, as he himself determines the limits of their private sphere, and in his hands is so close the last door to outside attacks that privacy. Therefore, no regulations, existing or future, may ensure the protection of privacy of individuals, and are in vain security measures implemented in networks and platforms, if no user created a firm and constant determination: to respect the privacy of others, remain alert to possible interference with own private sphere, to control each communication of your information and personal data and ensure that these are produced by means consistent with optimal protection of your own privacy.

Image shared by Benjamin Earwicker, Boise, Idaho, USA

Article published in Abanlex Lawyers Blog , http://www.abanlex.com/

What To Wear In Jamicia In January

Black Spot Disease or Black Spot in Canarios

sickness "black spot" or " black spot" is the disease that has given me more trouble as it comes just at the time of maximum satisfaction of the aviary, the birth of chicks and sometimes when I have them saved, die after banding to our disappointment.

The name comes from the black dot shows the chicks, some, many already at birth, which is given by congestion and inflammation of the gallbladder. For this very reason have a pale yellowish color due to the accumulation of bilirubin in the blood. In the legs and the mouth is where the most noticeable pallor jaundice and if not dead on the first day, parents do not interpret those mouths the same way as the red of healthy chickens, so they are not encouraged to feed them.

may be due to two pathogens, Circovirus (virus) and Atoxoplasma (coccidia). Both diseases have ubiquity and are therefore present in most aviaries.

Many authors recommend discarding specimens for breeding carriers, couples whose offspring have had "black spot" and obviously all the offspring. It poses a major problem: If it is a ubiquitous disease, if more than 80% of birds are carriers, "Where I provide my new site?

The challenge is, in my opinion, in trying to eradicate the disease in our aviary and we must try to understand the disease well.

• 1. CIRCOVIRUS:

first was described in the last decade of the twentieth century in pig cell cultures, in pig farms, in poultry farms and finally in parrots and canaries. In pigs produced enmagrecimiento or little development, chickens can also follow enmagrecimiento or feather problems and produces alterations in psittacine beak and plumage. It is a virus as most of them very specific for each species, the canary is the " Canary circovirus " first described in Germany (1995). It is spread by feces and secretions that contaminate cages, utensils and air aviary, as well as the hands of canaricultor .

disease, especially, affects infants and young a few days and associated with a high mortality. The most visible sign is a black spot on the right side of the abdomen which corresponds to an inflammation and congestion of the gallbladder. The chicks are pale yellow. Usually die between birth and two days after banding. The virus affects the lymphoid organs, particularly thymus and bursa of Fabricius preventing the development and activation of B cells, T cells and macrophages, and being affected immunity. Some canaries that pass this first stage may be lethargic, with poor plumage, weight loss or weight gain and fall prey to secondary infections because of their immunodeficiency. Can be given, in fact standard practice, broad-spectrum antibiotic paste calf (Tetracyclines, Sulfonamides, Quinolones , etc.) to prevent secondary bacterial infections. So far all of our disposal Tabernil Breeding ®, but legal issues have been eliminated tetracycline composition. We can continue using it as a multivitamin, but should complement it with antibiotics. We can not to lose the habits, supplementing with 300 mg of tetracycline per bag of 10 gr. We use a different antibiotic called tetracycline class Doxycycline either incorporating the Tabernil Breeding ® or with drinking water and toothpaste breeding. We must do both at once since being farmed mostly wet paste, with or without sprouts, parents ingest little water. See Major infectious and parasitic drugs in this Blog.

I personally use a quinolone (Enrofloxacin ) incorporating it into the pasta at the time of deposit in the biscuit.

multivitamin Also

( Tabernil Breeding ®, Promotor 43 ®, Total ® Tabernil among many others) and the immunostimulatory ( Immune 17.5 ®) will be of great help. * See in this blog.

• 2. ATOXOPLASMOSIS:

disease is a registered within coccidiosis. Some authors, so far, including within the genus Isospora (Serini Isospora ) but more and more authors mention gender as produced by Atoxoplasma . The main difference between the genus Isospora i the Atoxoplasma lies in its asexual reproductive cycle. While in the first, it all unfolds at the level of intestinal mucosa, in the case of Atoxoplasma develops a gut level.

The cycle is initiated by oral ingestion of oocytes . The oocytes sporozoites become that cross the intestinal wall and invaded by lymphocytes and macrophages parenchyma of various organs (lung, liver, pancreas, spleen, pericardium and intestinal eìtelio ). A wide multiplication by schizogony in these organs produces merozoites which migrate into the intestinal mucosa, which produces the sexual stage of the cycle generating oocytes that are eliminated in the feces and the ingestion closed loop.

The most affected individuals are between 2 and 9 months, embolados appearing weak and anorectics (no appetite). Diarrhea, sometimes with blood and hepatomegaly (liver growth) that makes the body visible bulges in the abdomen. May exhibit neurological signs (epileptic) and difficulty breathing .

El tratamiento consiste en la admistración de Toltrazuril ( Baycox ®), Clazuril ( Apertex ®) o sulfamidas potenciadas ( Cunitotal ® entre otras muchas). Se considera la Atoxoplasmosis como resistente al tratamiento. Esto es debido a su particular ciclo asexual en el parénquima visceral. Para intentar erradicarlo hay que hacer tratamientos de 3-5 días cada semana durante tres semanas.

• OBSEVACIONES PERSONALES:

En ambas enfermedades hay que tener mucho cuidado en hygiene and ventilation of the aviary, cage cleaning, avoid overcrowding of fish and use disinfectants, especially quaternary ammonium derivatives.

Some individuals are born with the disease, so I suggest that in fact the black dot that embitter the first days after hatching, is due to Circovirus. The Atoxoplasmosis affects birds a little older and is manifested by a congestion of the entire liver, not only of the gallbladder. The Circovirus since its first description, is the ogre modern pig and poultry farms, for which vaccines have been developed specific. In our case there is no will, for economic reasons, specific vaccines and the use of inter-specific principle would be very discouraged. One way to increase the immunity of birds is the use of immunostimulants β-glucans , vitamin C and other commercial products, caused by bacteria, such as Immune 17.5 ®. * See in this blog. They will not kill the virus but will help the birds to develop antibodies against it.

14 Dpo Very Emotional

immunostimulación

Immune ® 17.5 in Canarios

Immune is

Laboratory an immunostimulant Calier specially prepared for poultry.

Composition:

• inactivated cells of Propionibacterium acnes: 0.17 mg.
• Lipopolysaccharide from E. coli: 0.05 mg.
• Timeroral: 0.10 mg.
• Excipients: 1 ml.

Immunological properties :

The LPS from E. coli activates macrophages, induces the response B-lymphocyte proliferative and differentiation into plasma cells that produce antibodies. Propionibacterium has the ability to induce cellular immunity.

• immunity by stimulating the nonspecific immune response, the first line of defense, increasing macrophages and heterophils.
• active immune specific immune response (humoral and cellular response), increasing the number of lymphocytes T and B.
• stimulates mucosal immunity at (MALT and GALT), increasing the secretion of IgA.
• stimulates the maturation of the immune system of newly hatched chicks, enabling the cell to carry out their duties.
• increases the efficiency of antibiotic treatments.
• optimize the response to vaccinations.

  Target species : Poultry production.

  
  17.5 IMMUNE improves the immune status of birds vaccinated against Marek's disease when applied in a range of up to three weeks after vaccination.
  Increases the rate of protection of birds vaccinated against infectious bursal.
  reduces mortality, clinical symptoms and / or injury caused by the virus of Marek's disease. Reduce injuries and the deterioration of the zootechnical parameters produced by infection with Mycoplasma gallisepticum. Reduces mortality and the deterioration of the zootechnical parameters produced by Leukosis virus type J. Reduces injuries caused by infectious bursal disease virus. IMMUNE
  17.5
  recommended in critical periods of the productive life of the birds, when under stress and are more susceptible to infectious diseases.

  
  Contraindications: None reported
  .

  
  

  suppression Time:

  Zero days. Also it would not be applicable in ornithology sports.

  
  

  Dispensing extrapolated canaries:

  • first week of life together with the pasta for breeding. high doses.
  • Every time I give antibiotic treatment, with the aim of strengthening it for the duration of treatment. Average dose.
  • prophylactically to every month for 2-3 days. Low dose. Preparation
  • players, 2-3 first-day pairings. High dose.
  • stressful situations, 2-3 days. Low dose. Preparation
  i
  • back contests, 2-3 days. Low dose.
  Post
  • smallpox vaccination, 2-3 days. Average dose.
  • smallpox outbreak, 3-5 days. Very high dose.

  
  

  
  

  High dose 0.70 ml 0.17 ml

  	Dose liters	Dose 250 ml	Dosis70 ml
  Low dose	0.25 ml	0.06 ml	0.017 ml
  Average dose	0.50 ml	0.12 ml	0.03 ml
  	0.66 ml	0.16 ml	0.04 ml
  high dose			0.05 ml

  
  

  
  

  Note experience.

  The product should be stored in a refrigerator keeping their properties until the expiration date. The birds must consume during the first two hours after administration, and it is losing effectiveness. A production chickens are subjected to restrictions of water the day before, which complicates the management and further considering that they really are our pets and enjoy and, at least to me, not me like restricting access to water every evening for who are thirsty in the morning for several days. What I have done is to use a dose of 1 ml / liter of water, ie a bit higher than in the table attached as high. This medicated water properties remain a bit more time without having any undesirable effect.

Sharp Pulsalting Pain On Top Of Foot

Some drugs to prepare for the breeding season in carnivores

Response to the question I did Francis Thomas, creator of avian management programs and SicoGen SicoCria on the preparation for breeding after the demise of market Seridone Latac.

Hi Paco,

The Seridone, was basically to clear Salmonella and has withdrawn from the market to bring Furazolidone, a substance banned because of its oncogenic effects.

to prepare couples for breeding and cleaning of Salmonella can use Enrofloxacin (200mg/litro 200mg/Kg water and paste if you agree) or doxycycline (200 mg / liter of water and 1000 mg / kg pasta). During the first week of life also can use either incorporating them in the pasta, at higher doses as it is in the blog.

To control coccidiosis can use "Toltrazuril" (Trade name Baycox Laboratory Bayer) or Clazuril (for pigeons) Esteve laboratories. Are also useful sulfonamides, I occasionally give them a pass "Cunitotal" Esteve laboratories (Composition: Ftalilsulfatiazol and sulfadimethoxine) dose 2.5 ml / liter of water. Within the group of sulfonamides is the Septrin of enhanced human. The Baycox is only effective, but more effective against the Cunitotal Cocco and also covers many bacteria.

It is helpful to acidify the drinking water with vinegar, also the bathroom. An acid medium combat the proliferation of pathogenic bacteria and promotes the development of probiotic lactobacilli present in we provided the birds. These lactobacilli help keep the pH and therefore compete with Salmonella, E.coli, Klebsiella, etc.. The dose of vinegar (preferably apple) is one tablespoon per quart of water. There is a laboratory product Calier with acetic acid and propionic acid for this purpose, which I find very interesting but I have not tried yet. I will soon. The low pH also inhibits the proliferation of "Macrorhabdus ornithogaster" macrobacteria misnamed because they are unicellular fungi (yeasts).

I enclose the translation into Catalan SicoGen.

hope that the information will be useful.

Many thanks.

Rafael Mendieta.

Should I Use A Colour Match Wax

plaque

tion The accumulation of plaque and tartar on carnivores. Periodontal disease.

dental cleaning The name is misleading in the sense of interpretation. This is not a cosmetic procedure, but a hygienic procedure, plaque and tartar are highly charged with bacteria, as well as a prophylactic procedure, as that their evolution is the progressive destruction of periodontal ligament and alveolar bone resorption gradually (see figures), with the result of pyorrhea and loss of teeth. It is also a painful disease for the animal.
Another important consideration is that the bacteria in plaque and more in the case of pyorrhea are absorbed into the bloodstream (bacteremia) with special tropism for infecting cord atrio-ventricular valves (tricuspid and mitral). In more severe cases can cause septicemia, settling bacteria in any organ (liver, kidney, etc.) other than the heart.
is therefore a hygienic and prophylactic process can not be done anyway. It is first to remove the accumulated material and secondly to avoid and / or slow down the further accumulation.
The scale is firmly attached to tooth enamel introduced, also in the gingival margin by creating the so-called "pockets." If you just pulled out, aesthetically as thick, will be inevitably remains on the plate which will set from the time of the intervention.
is not enough sedation. General anesthesia is essential. This general anesthesia can not be any anesthesia because the ultrasound equipment that help us to remove scale, in order not to raise the temperature and the resulting tooth pulp-root necrosis, permanent project a small spray of water. If we have the animal anesthetized, the reflection will disappear swallowed and therefore to avoid the risk of swallowing water diverted into the trachea to drown the patient. This requires intubation with a tracheal tube.
normally animals to be subjected to this treatment are animals of a certain age, usually small breeds with different concurrent conditions. Anesthesia therefore must be adapted to each animal. We apply pre-anesthetic: acepromazine, dexmedetomidine, diazepam (Valium ®) or buprenorphine, according to each patient.
All anesthetics may produce bradycardia (slowed heartbeat) is resolved or prevented by atropine. Also always inject the anesthesia pre meloxicam (Metacam ®) for preventing the pain to maintain anesthetic level with less dosage and painless recovery.
Anesthesia order to intubate the animal, we make small and precise with intravenous doses of propofol lipuro, be sufficient to intubate, and maintenance is performed in all cases with isoflurane, administered from the vaporizer with oxygen, maintaining patient in a deep anesthetic plane no, but shallow enough for this intervention. Isoflurane is a volatile anesthetic agent with maximum security and rapid elimination by airway, without requiring metabolism by the liver, as with other volatiles. Recovery is quick. During anesthesia we monitored physiologic parameters 9.
A pesar de que los ultrasonidos son el método más eficaz para la eliminación del sarro, quedan erosiones   y   fragmentos microscópicos del mismo que hay que eliminar. Para ello usamos una turbina equipada con una copa de goma y procedemos a un pulido del esmalte. Tras el pulido aplicamos, con la misma turbina una capa de protección (Oravet® de laboratorios Merial) que durante dos semanas impide el contacto del esmalte incluso con el agua y saliva, como si de una funda de silicona se tratase. Para que esta aplicación sea efectiva el diente tiene que estar completamente seco, cosa que were obtained by projecting a jet of compressed air to expel any water (not useful gauze or paper towel.) This procedure is the only ensures Oravet ® adhesion to enamel and allows inflamed gums recover their physiological position. Tractrectomía process occurs and a prophylactic treatment. Requires the willingness to do well, especially time and proper equipment.
If the status of periodontal ligament and alveolar bone resorption are well advanced in some parts, if they move or the tube is passed through the roots of premolars and molars, in short if you have pyorrhea, the whole process of the short will be useless, so these most affected teeth should be removed to prevent relapses in the short term and the resulting chronic pain in animals.

Rafael Mendieta

Symbols On Bottom Of Tazo Bottle

Virus Diseases of Canaries (Serinus canaria) Main

viral diseases of canaries (Serinus canaria)

1. Poxvirus or SMALLPOX:

is a very common disease in Canaries and other finches. This is a very important disease for the havoc that occurs in an aviary. If transmission is through blood-sucking insects (insects and mites). Transmission can also occur through contact with sick birds or through the material and objects of the aviary. Do not forget the hands of canaricultor. It is more common in summer but can not be excluded any time of year. The disease develops at any age but are more susceptible young people, especially those under three weeks.

can occur in three ways, most of the birds may have the cutaneous form, but the canaries usually present as diphtheroids or septicemic, with high mortality.

The cutaneous have injuries in the legs, eyes, nostrils and beak as these are the areas most likely to be bitten. Begins with papules, vesicles, and finally becomes crusty. Mortality in this presentation is not too high.

diphtheroids in the form lesions appear on the tongue, pharynx and larynx. This is fibrinous or caseous lesions of gray or brown. The affected birds have dyspnea (difficulty breathing).

The septicaemic presentation is most common in canaries. The affected birds have a lot of dyspnea (difficulty breathing), lethargy and cyanosis (bluish discoloration of mucous membranes). They can not eat or drink and mortality can be 90 to 100%.

prophylaxis. There is only one live attenuated vaccine-P Poulvac CANARY ® marketed only in Belgium and Italy. Should never be used a vaccine intended for other species as there is a lot of specificity and would muy contraproducente ya que extenderíamos la viruela por todo el aviario y convertiríamos en portadores a todos los pájaros. El método de aplicación se basa en atravesar la membrana alar con dos lancetas paralelas y ranuradas (para retener el líquido), que vienen en el envase, impregnándolas previamente en la solución vacunal que habremos preparado mezclando, con una jeringuilla estéril, el disolvente con el liofilizado, tal como indican las instrucciones. Al cabo de una o dos semanas aparece un pequeño granuloma en el punto de inoculación, signo evidente de que la vacuna está dando resultado. La inmunidad ideal se alcanza entre las dos y cuatro semanas. Es muy interesante esterilizar con una llama las lancetas entre bird and bird. Allow to cool before re-immersed in the vaccine, not off. Nor is it desirable, for the same danger of disabling the use of alcohol or other disinfectants. One vaccination a year is enough, but is also very advisable to do it twice before and when you finish playing. There is a trick for a bottle (50 doses) fester full and deposit the solution into a tube Ependorf with inverted cone shape. To vaccinate the English Canary Island Race, Debir to its small size and not to injure a muscle, I do it by removing one of the two prongs.

Treatment. There is no treatment for the septicemic form. For the cutaneous form can be applied touches of povidone-iodine or chlorhexidine and antibiotic eye drops without steroids. Above all wash your hands thoroughly and disinfected after handling, with a derivative of quaternary ammonium because of the danger of transmitting the disease to other individuals.

In these cases of cutaneous presentation or diphtheria is desperately needed emergency vaccination around the aviary, remembering very sterilization of the lancet as I mentioned before, between bird and bird.

administration of immunostimulants and multivitamins for 4-5 days may help.

2. Polyomavirus

mortality has been reported in canaries and other finches due to polyomavirus. It can affect people of any age. There are 20 variants of this virus. The symptoms are fairly nonspecific symptoms can include rapid death, embolism, poor plumage, weakness, abdominal bleeding beak to feed on the survivors. There are diagnostic tests for viral DNA in psittacine polyomavirus but it is not useful for finches, so the diagnosis can only be made by autopsy.

prophylaxis. We find the same problem as with the specific diagnosis, there is an effective vaccine in psittacine but ineffective in canaries. There is no treatment. We can only help by inmuestimulantes and control of other general diseases. For polyomavirosis diagnosed in an aviary it is advisable to rule out a breeding season.

3. paramyxovirus

There are nine variations of this virus, but only cause disease in Passeriformes serotypes: PMV-1, PMV-2 and PMV-3

· PMV-1. Symptoms can include diarrhea, respiratory symptoms, neurologic signs and sudden death.

· PMV-2. not produce significant symptoms and is endemic in the North African finches.

· PMV-3. This is the most common serotype. The most affected species belonging to exotic African and Australian (watch the aviaries with different species). The symptoms may include conjunctivitis, anorexia, diarrhea, dyspnea and torticollis.

4. HERPESVIRUS

herpesvirus gives less problems than other birds finches. Could cause hepatic necrosis, splenic necrosis and necrosis of the bone marrow.

5. CYTOMEGALOVIRUS

cause intense pseudo-sinblefaron conjunctivitis (eyelid glued) to severe generalized disease with high mortality in exotic African and Australian . Not reported its presence in the Canaries, but is important because it can be confused with smallpox.

6. PAPYLLOMAVIRUS

is characterized by the appearance of wart-like masses on foot and toe of canaries. The "warts" can grow and cause problems with the rings. Lesions may appear also in the corners of the beak and head. Be confused with smallpox, scabies of the legs and hyperkeratosis by blood.

7. CIRCOVIRUS

Also called "Point Disease black "or" Black spot Disease ", was first described in the last decade of the twentieth century in cell cultures of pork, pig and poultry farms eventually. The disease mostly affects infants and young a few days and associated with a high mortality. The most visible sign is a black spot on the right side of the abdomen that corresponds with inflation and congestion of the gallbladder. The chicks are pale yellow. Usually die between birth and two days after banding. The virus affects the lymphoid organs, particularly thymus and bursa of Fabricius preventing the development and activation B lymphocytes, T lymphocytes and macrophages, and being affected immunity. Some canaries that pass this first stage may be lethargic, with poor plumage, weight loss or weight gain and fall prey to secondary infections because of their immunodeficiency. I managed, in fact standard practice, broad-spectrum antibiotic paste calf (Tetracyclines, Sulfonamides, Quinolones, etc.) to prevent secondary bacterial infections. I personally use a quinolone (enrofloxacin). See Major infectious and parasitic drugs in this Blog.

immunostimulants also and multivitamins be of great help.

The differential diagnosis should include Atoxoplasma, (also gives Black Point) and avian Plasmodia and Malaria.

Bacardi Margarita Mix

infectious drugs and pesticides in canaries

Major infectious and parasitic drugs in canaries

Canaries i other passerines should be treated simultaneously in the drinking water and pasta. Here are the drug doses more frequently. *

Drugs	water concentration (mg / L)	Concentration pasta (mg / K)
Amoxicillin	200-400	300-500
amphotericin B	100 -200	100-200
Ampicilina	1000-2000	2000-3000
Clortetraciclina	1000-1500	1500
Dimetridazol	125	-
Doxycycline	250	1000
Enrofloxacino	200	200
fenbendazole	25	25
Furazolidona	200-300	300
Ivermectina	9	-
Metronidazol	100	100
Neomicina	200	200
Nistatina	200.000 UI	200.000 UI
Polimixina	100.000 UI	100.000 UI
Ronidazole	350	350
Spectinomycin	200-400	400
Spiramycin	200-400	400
Sulfacloropiridacina	150-300	-
Sulfadimidina	150	-
Toltrazuril	180	-
Trimetroprim / Sulfonamida	200	200
Tylosin	250-400	400

* Source: Ritchie, Harrison & Harrison. Clinical Avian Medicine. Harrison Lighfoot .

can see in the table given ivermectin. Ivermectin diluted 1:9 with propylene glycol is As applied to the skin dorsally bird for insects and worms. Is a product that is not water soluble and water to add, also should be diluted with propylene glycol to make it uniformly miscible. It is more practical than drop back as there is to handle the birds.

Many problems that we are in the breeding season are due to "Canary circovirus" or disease "Black spot disease" named for the point that appears black on the abdomen of the young, even as early as at birth. This black point is congested gallbladder. This disease is characterized by immunosuppression that affects the lymphoid organs of birds and lack of production and activation of B and T lymphocytes This makes them immune susceptible to other infections (colibacillosis, salmonellosis, coccidiosis, mycobacteriosis, etc). Some young birds and adults are losing weight and die of septicemia. Circovirus was first discovered in the 90's and is considered ubiquitous (> 80% of birds may be affected.) It also affects pigs and poultry as well as parrots. The symptoms are different for each species, but there is always a immunosuppression.

Some of the nests that I have been born Black I have saved Spot in part or in whole with Enrofloxacin at a dose indicated in the table of 200 mg / liter of water and 200 mg / kg. wet pulp. The most common trade names for this drug is Baytril (Bayer) in tablets and injectable and Hipralona Enro-S (Hipra) oral solution for birds with 100 mg / ml. There are other laboratories that market (Esteve, Cali).

The one I'm using now is the Hipralona Enro-S. If what you find is of a different brand used the same doses. Not eliminate the virus, only secondary infections. Dose: 200 mg / liter of water. 200 mg / kg. Slurry. · 1 liter of water, 2 ml of Enro-S Hipralona · ball drinker 250 ml: 0.5 ml of Enro-S Hipralona · Bebedero tube 70 ml: 0.14 ml of Enro-S Hipralona · To add to the dough the first days after hatching, prepare a more concentrated solution 3.5 ml (350mg) in a small spray of 70 ml. With this solution the slurry surface wet when putting it in the biscuit. You could also use a squeeze bottle and put 3-4 drops in the biscuit. These first days do not put medicine in the drinking water with the pulp in high enough concentration. · not forget to take vitamins and probiotics

'm gathering information and studying how to strengthen the immunity of the players in the period rest in order to eradicate (difficult) avian virus and minimizing their consequences. To do this I'm trying with immunostimulants. There are no results as there are very few published. Some chickens, parakeets and no one in canaries. The intention is to dispense with, at most, of antibiotics. I'll keep you informed through our mutual friend Ferran.

Rafael Mendieta.