sickness "black spot" or " black spot" is the disease that has given me more trouble as it comes just at the time of maximum satisfaction of the aviary, the birth of chicks and sometimes when I have them saved, die after banding to our disappointment.
may be due to two pathogens, Circovirus (virus) and Atoxoplasma (coccidia). Both diseases have ubiquity and are therefore present in most aviaries.
Many authors recommend discarding specimens for breeding carriers, couples whose offspring have had "black spot" and obviously all the offspring. It poses a major problem: If it is a ubiquitous disease, if more than 80% of birds are carriers, "Where I provide my new site?
The challenge is, in my opinion, in trying to eradicate the disease in our aviary and we must try to understand the disease well.
- 1. CIRCOVIRUS:
first was described in the last decade of the twentieth century in pig cell cultures, in pig farms, in poultry farms and finally in parrots and canaries. In pigs produced enmagrecimiento or little development, chickens can also follow enmagrecimiento or feather problems and produces alterations in psittacine beak and plumage. It is a virus as most of them very specific for each species, the canary is the " Canary circovirus " first described in Germany (1995). It is spread by feces and secretions that contaminate cages, utensils and air aviary, as well as the hands of canaricultor .
disease, especially, affects infants and young a few days and associated with a high mortality. The most visible sign is a black spot on the right side of the abdomen which corresponds to an inflammation and congestion of the gallbladder. The chicks are pale yellow. Usually die between birth and two days after banding. The virus affects the lymphoid organs, particularly thymus and bursa of Fabricius preventing the development and activation of B cells, T cells and macrophages, and being affected immunity. Some canaries that pass this first stage may be lethargic, with poor plumage, weight loss or weight gain and fall prey to secondary infections because of their immunodeficiency. Can be given, in fact standard practice, broad-spectrum antibiotic paste calf (Tetracyclines, Sulfonamides, Quinolones , etc.) to prevent secondary bacterial infections. So far all of our disposal Tabernil Breeding ®, but legal issues have been eliminated tetracycline composition. We can continue using it as a multivitamin, but should complement it with antibiotics. We can not to lose the habits, supplementing with 300 mg of tetracycline per bag of 10 gr. We use a different antibiotic called tetracycline class Doxycycline either incorporating the Tabernil Breeding ® or with drinking water and toothpaste breeding. We must do both at once since being farmed mostly wet paste, with or without sprouts, parents ingest little water. See Major infectious and parasitic drugs in this Blog.
I personally use a quinolone (Enrofloxacin ) incorporating it into the pasta at the time of deposit in the biscuit.
multivitamin Also ( Tabernil Breeding ®, Promotor 43 ®, Total ® Tabernil among many others) and the immunostimulatory ( Immune 17.5 ®) will be of great help. * See in this blog.
- 2. ATOXOPLASMOSIS:
disease is a registered within coccidiosis. Some authors, so far, including within the genus Isospora (Serini Isospora ) but more and more authors mention gender as produced by Atoxoplasma . The main difference between the genus Isospora i the Atoxoplasma lies in its asexual reproductive cycle. While in the first, it all unfolds at the level of intestinal mucosa, in the case of Atoxoplasma develops a gut level.
The cycle is initiated by oral ingestion of oocytes . The oocytes sporozoites become that cross the intestinal wall and invaded by lymphocytes and macrophages parenchyma of various organs (lung, liver, pancreas, spleen, pericardium and intestinal eìtelio ). A wide multiplication by schizogony in these organs produces merozoites which migrate into the intestinal mucosa, which produces the sexual stage of the cycle generating oocytes that are eliminated in the feces and the ingestion closed loop.
The most affected individuals are between 2 and 9 months, embolados appearing weak and anorectics (no appetite). Diarrhea, sometimes with blood and hepatomegaly (liver growth) that makes the body visible bulges in the abdomen. May exhibit neurological signs (epileptic) and difficulty breathing .
El tratamiento consiste en la admistración de Toltrazuril ( Baycox ®), Clazuril ( Apertex ®) o sulfamidas potenciadas ( Cunitotal ® entre otras muchas). Se considera la Atoxoplasmosis como resistente al tratamiento. Esto es debido a su particular ciclo asexual en el parénquima visceral. Para intentar erradicarlo hay que hacer tratamientos de 3-5 días cada semana durante tres semanas.
- OBSEVACIONES PERSONALES:
En ambas enfermedades hay que tener mucho cuidado en hygiene and ventilation of the aviary, cage cleaning, avoid overcrowding of fish and use disinfectants, especially quaternary ammonium derivatives.
Some individuals are born with the disease, so I suggest that in fact the black dot that embitter the first days after hatching, is due to Circovirus. The Atoxoplasmosis affects birds a little older and is manifested by a congestion of the entire liver, not only of the gallbladder. The Circovirus since its first description, is the ogre modern pig and poultry farms, for which vaccines have been developed specific. In our case there is no will, for economic reasons, specific vaccines and the use of inter-specific principle would be very discouraged. One way to increase the immunity of birds is the use of immunostimulants β-glucans , vitamin C and other commercial products, caused by bacteria, such as Immune 17.5 ®. * See in this blog. They will not kill the virus but will help the birds to develop antibodies against it.
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